suggest an association of adipose stores of trans fatty acids with postmenopausal BC

[R.B.]

I have seen several suggestions that trans fats are link with inflamatory agents and may contribute to heart conditions eg see below.

Below I copy an older trial raising questions as to possible links between trans fats and BC.

I have not seen much on this subject and jsut raise it as a flag.

Trans fats are used in processed food some margerines and hence I post this here as it is more likely to get read by a wider audience.

If anybody knows of any other trials etc that would be useful.

RB

http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/6/1521

trans Fatty acids and systemic inflammation in heart failure1,2,3,4


ABSTRACT

"trans Fatty acids (TFAs), unsaturated fats with at least one double bond in the trans configuration, are formed during the industrial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. TFAs are primarily consumed in fast foods, bakery products, packaged snacks, and margarines; smaller amounts are consumed in dairy products and meats (1). There is currently considerable interest in the potential health effects of TFAs, and the US Food and Drug Administration recently ruled that the TFA content be declared on the nutrition labels of all conventional foods and dietary supplements effective 1 January 2006 (2). A recent observational study (3) and short-term randomized trial (4) indicated that TFA intake increases systemic inflammation in generally healthy persons. Because systemic inflammation is an independent risk factor for future heart disease (5), these findings suggest a novel potential mechanism whereby TFAs may affect the cardiovascular health of generally healthy persons.

Compared with healthy persons, patients with established heart disease often have much higher concentrations of systemic inflammation (6–8). Although TFAs appear to be proinflammatory in generally healthy persons (3, 4), it is unknown whether TFAs influence inflammation in patients with established heart disease, in whom background inflammation is already high. If TFAs exacerbate systemic inflammation in patients with heart disease, it would be important for secondary prevention efforts because the degree of systemic inflammation in these patients strongly predicts poor outcomes (5–8). To determine whether TFAs are related to systemic inflammation in patients with heart disease, we investigated the association between TFAs, as assessed with a biomarker of dietary intake, and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with established heart failure. Our hypothesis was that TFA levels would be associated with higher concentrations of inflammatory markers in these patients....................TFA levels were strongly associated with concentrations of several inflammatory markers. For each inflammatory marker, results are presented as the absolute difference and percentage difference from the mean for each 1% of membrane fatty acids from TFAs (approximately the difference between the first and third TFA tertile means). After adjustment for age and sex, TFA levels were positively associated with interleukin (IL) 1 receptor antagonist (2129 pg/mL, 157%; P = 0.02), IL-10 (218 pg/mL, 165%; P = 0.03), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (463 pg/mL, 35%; P = 0.04), TNF receptor 2 (24 681 pg/mL, 155%; P = 0.003), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (95 pg/mL, 98%; P = 0.003), and brain natriuretic peptide (41 pg/mL, 58%; P = 0.02)."


AND AN OLDER TRIAL POSTULATES LINKS TO BC which would be consistent in general terms with role of inflamatory agent in BC


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...=pubmed_docsum

1: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Sep;6(9):705-10. Related Articles, Links

Comment in:

* Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998 Apr;7(4):355-6.


Adipose tissue trans fatty acids and breast cancer in the European Community Multicenter Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer.

Kohlmeier L, Simonsen N, van 't Veer P, Strain JJ, Martin-Moreno JM, Margolin B, Huttunen JK, Fernandez-Crehuet Navajas J, Martin BC, Thamm M, Kardinaal AF, Kok FJ.

EURAMIC (European Community Multicenter Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer) Coordinating Center, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.

To investigate the relationship between trans fatty acids and postmenopausal breast cancer in European populations differing greatly in their dietary fat intakes, a case control study using adipose tissue stores of trans fatty acids as a biomarker of exposure was conducted. Subjects included 698 postmenopausal incident cases of primary breast cancer and controls randomly drawn from local population and patient registries, ages 50-74 Concentrations of individual trans fatty acids in gluteal fat biopsies were measured in these women. The adipose concentration of trans fatty acids showed a positive association with breast cancer. The covariate-adjusted association with breast cancer. The covariate-adjusted OR was 1.40 (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.93) for the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles of total adipose trans. The adjusted OR for trans in the lowest tertile of polyunsaturated fatty acid reached 3.6 (2.2, 6.1). These associations were not attributable to differences in age, body mass index, exogenous hormone use, or socioeconomic status. These findings suggest an association of adipose stores of trans fatty acids with postmenopausal breast cancer in European women. They require confirmation in other populations, with concomitant consideration of the potential roles of dietary saturated and monounsaturated fats.

Publication Types:

* Multicenter Study


PMID: 9298578 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[R.B.]

Another article in the same stream

RB


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...=pubmed_DocSum

1: J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):562-6. Related Articles, Links
Click here to read
Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.

Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB, Manson JE, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB.

Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. elopezga@hsph.harvard.edu

Trans fatty acid intake has been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. The relation is explained only partially by the adverse effect of these fatty acids on the lipid profile. We examined whether trans fatty acid intake could also affect biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR-2), E-selectin, and soluble cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1). We conducted a cross-sectional study of 730 women from the Nurses' Health Study I cohort, aged 43-69 y, free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes at time of blood draw (1989-1990). Dietary intake was assessed by a validated FFQ in 1986 and 1990. CRP levels were 73% higher among those in the highest quintile of trans fat intake, compared with the lowest quintile. IL-6 levels were 17% higher, sTNFR-2 5%, E-selectin 20%, sICAM-1 10%, and sVCAM-1 levels 10% higher. Trans fatty acid intake was positively related to plasma concentration of CRP (P = 0.009), sTNFR-2 (P = 0.002), E-selectin (P = 0.003), sICAM-1 (P = 0.007), and sVCAM-1 (P = 0.001) in linear regression models after controlling for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, intake of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, and postmenopausal hormone therapy. In conclusion, this study suggests that higher intake of trans fatty acids could adversely affect endothelial function, which might partially explain why the positive relation between trans fat and cardiovascular risk is greater than one would predict based solely on its adverse effects on lipids.

PMID: 15735094 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[R.B.]

And another in simpler terms

RB

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...=pubmed_DocSum

ABSTRACT

1: Ann Nutr Metab. 2004;48(2):61-6. Epub 2003 Dec 16. Related Articles, Links
Click here to read
Influence of trans fatty acids on health.

Stender S, Dyerberg J.

Danish Nutrition Council, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. stst@gentoftehosp.kbhamt.dk

The contribution of dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) on the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has recently gained further support due to the results from large, prospective, population-based studies. Compared to saturated fat, TFAs are, gram to gram, associated with a considerably (2.5- to >10-fold) higher risk increment for IHD. A negative effect on the human fetus and on newborns and an increase in colon cancer risk in adults are possible but, however, still equivocal. Recent findings justify further studies concerning the effect of TFAs on allergic diseases in children and on the risk of type-2 diabetes in adults. The intake of industrially produced TFAs in European countries is decreasing. However, determination of the TFA content in various popular food items collected in Danish shops showed that it is likely that persons with a frequent intake of, e.g., French fries, microwave oven popcorn, chocolate bars, fast food, etc., consume industrially produced TFAs in amounts far exceeding the average intake, and are thereby exposed to an unnecessary health risk. The Danish government has decided that oils and fats containing more than 2% industrially produced TFAs will not be sold in Denmark after the January 1, 2004. Copyright 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel

Publication Types:

* Review

[R.B.]

ABSTRACT


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...&dopt=Abstract

1: J Am Diet Assoc. 1999 Feb;99(2):166-74; quiz 175-6. Related Articles, Links
Click here to read
Estimated intakes of trans fatty and other fatty acids in the US population.

Allison DB, Egan SK, Barraj LM, Caughman C, Infante M, Heimbach JT.

Obesity Research Center, St Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate mean level of trans fatty acid intakes using a representative sample of the US population. DESIGN: The study used food intake data from the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) and the trans fatty acid contents of specific foods calculated from a database compiled by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) to estimate the mean level and deciles of trans fatty acid intake of the representative US population. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Trans fatty acid intakes were estimated for each subject (N = 11,258) in the CSFII data who completed both a 24-hour recall and a 2-day food record. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Weights developed by USDA for the survey were used for all data analyses. The Technical Assessment Systems (TAS) International Diet Research System (TAS-DIET), software developed by TAS, was used to derive weighted estimates of the mean and percentiles of the intake distribution. PC CARP, software designed by Iowa State University, was used to estimate standard errors. RESULTS: Mean percentage of energy ingested as trans fatty acids was 2.6% and the mean percentage of total fat ingested as trans fatty acids was 7.4%. Across all age and gender groups examined, estimates ranged from 2.6% to 2.8% and 7.1% to 7.9%, respectively. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Dietetics practitioners can use the representative data of this study to help clients achieve desired changes in consumption levels of trans fatty acids.

PMID: 9972183 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

[R.B.]

http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/4/606
ABSTRACT

"Our results suggest that dietary intake of TFAs is associated with systemic inflammation in generally healthy women, as reflected by higher TNF receptor concentrations, as well as higher IL-6 and CRP concentrations in women with higher BMI, and that these associations are independent of various other characteristics including serum lipid concentrations. This observed relation between TFA intake and systemic inflammation may represent a novel potential mechanism for the effects of TFAs on risks of coronary artery disease and diabetes. Further study is indicated to investigate the potential proinflammatory effects of TFAs and the implications of such effects for risks of coronary artery disease, diabetes, and other conditions."