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Old 01-14-2010, 03:05 AM   #1
Rich66
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Nigella Sativa (black cumin)




Various news and research on Nigella Sativa
http://nigella-sativa-research.com/




Anti-Cancer Properties of Nigella spp. Essential Oils and their Major
Constituents, Thymoquinone and B-Elemene
2009
http://www.bentham.org/ccp/samples/ccp4-1/0004CCP.pdf

Abstract: Essential oils are the volatile fraction of aromatic and medicinal plants after extraction by steam or water distillation. They have been used for their pharmaceutical potential since early times, and even now are still subject to a great deal of attention, as is clear from the increasing number of publications each year on this subject. This review presents both fundamental and recent studies concerned with the role of Nigella species essential oils and their major constituents, thymoquinone and ��-elemene, as potential chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive anti-cancer agents. The mechanism of action and the factors which determine the concentrations of these major constituents in the essential oil are also reviewed.






Traditional Herbal Medicine Kills Pancreatic Cancer Cells


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/
080519092215.htm
Traditional Herbal Medicine Kills Pancreatic Cancer Cells, Researchers Report

ScienceDaily (May 20, 2008) — An herb used in traditional medicine by many Middle Eastern countries may help in the fight against pancreatic cancer, one of the most difficult cancers to treat. Researchers at the Kimmel Cancer at Jefferson in Philadelphia have found that thymoquinone, an extract of nigella sativa seed oil, blocked pancreatic cancer cell growth and killed the cells by enhancing the process of programmed cell death.
While the studies are in the early stages, the findings suggest that thymoquinone could eventually have some use as a preventative strategy in patients who have gone through surgery and chemotherapy or in individuals who are at a high risk of developing cancer.
According to Hwyda Arafat, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of Surgery at Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, nigella sativa helps treat a broad array of diseases, including some immune and inflammatory disorders. Previous studies also have shown anticancer activity in prostate and colon cancers, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Using a human pancreatic cancer cell line, she and her team found that adding thymoquinone killed approximately 80 percent of the cancer cells. They demonstrated that thymoquinone triggered programmed cell death in the cells, and that a number of important genes, including p53, Bax, bcl-2 and p21, were affected. The researchers found that expression of p53, a tumor suppressor gene, and Bax, a gene that promotes programmed cell death, was increased, while bcl-2, which blocks such cell death, was decreased. The p21 gene, which is involved in the regulation of different phases of the cell cycle, was substantially increased. She presents her findings May 18 at the Digestive Disease Week in San Diego.
Dr. Arafat and her co-workers also found that thymoquinone caused "epigenetic" changes in pancreatic cancer cells, modifying the cells' DNA. She explains that these changes involve adding acetyl groups to the DNA structure, specifically to blocks of proteins called histones. This "acetylation" process can be important for genes to be read and translated into proteins. In this case, it could involve the genes that are key to initiating programmed cell death.
"We looked at the status of the histones and found surprisingly that thymoquinone increased the acetylation process," Dr. Arafat says. "We never anticipated that."
At the same time, adding thymoquinone to pancreatic cancer cells reduced the production and activity of enzymes called histone deacetylases (HDACs), which remove the acetyl groups from the histone proteins, halting the gene transcription process. Dr. Arafat notes that HDAC inhibitors are a "hot" new class of drugs that interfere with the function of histone deacetylases, and is being studied as a treatment for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Finding that thymoquinone functions as an HDAC inhibitor, she says, "was very remarkable and really exciting."


Thymiquone from Nigella Sativa or black cumin
(used in Indian spice Charnushka)

Wikipedia
Thymoquinone is a phytochemical compound found in the plant Nigella sativa. It has antioxidant effects and has been shown to protect against heart, liver and kidney damage in animal studies, as well as having possible anti-cancer effects.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It also has analgesic[8] and anticonvulsant effects in animal models.[9] It is an angiogenesis inhibitor.

Sloan Kettering description and links
http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69141.cfm

Nigella sativa web

More background and Oil and capsules available here:
http://www.kitchendoctor.com/herbs/black_cumin.php




Herbal extract inhibits pancreatic cancer development
LINK ABSTRACT
April 20th, 2009
Dr. Arafat said that Nigella sativa seeds and oil, used in traditional medicine by many Middle Eastern and Asian countries, helps treat a broad array of diseases, including some immune and inflammatory disorders.
Previous studies have also shown it to have anti-cancer effects on prostate and colon cancers.
Based upon their previously published findings that thymoquinone inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs), Dr. Arafat and her colleagues compared the anti-inflammatory properties of thymoquinone and trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor that has previously shown to ameliorate inflammation-associated cancers.
The researchers used pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells, some of which were pretreated with the cytokine TNF-alpha to induce inflammation.
Thymoquinone almost completely abolished the expression of several inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-8, Cox-2 and MCP-1, an effect that was more superior to the effect of trichostatin A.
The herb also inhibited the activation and synthesis of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor that has been implicated in inflammation-associated cancer.
Activation of NF-kappaB has been observed in pancreatic cancer and may be a factor in pancreatic cancer’s resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
When animal models of pancreatic cancer were treated with thymoquinone, 67 percent of the tumours were significantly shrunken, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the tumours were significantly reduced.





Cancer Res. 2009 Jul 1;69(13):5575-83. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
Antitumor activity of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin is augmented by thymoquinone in pancreatic cancer.

Banerjee S, Kaseb AO, Wang Z, Kong D, Mohammad M, Padhye S, Sarkar FH, Mohammad RM.
Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
Previous studies have shown biological activity of thymoquinone, an active compound extracted from Nigella sativa, in pancreatic cancer cells; however, preclinical animal studies are lacking. Here, we report, for the first time, the chemosensitizing effect of thymoquinone to conventional chemotherapeutic agents both in vitro and in vivo using an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. In vitro studies revealed that preexposure of cells with thymoquinone (25 mumol/L) for 48 h followed by gemcitabine or oxaliplatin resulted in 60% to 80% growth inhibition compared with 15% to 25% when gemcitabine or oxaliplatin was used alone. Moreover, we found that thymoquinone could potentiate the killing of pancreatic cancer cells induced by chemotherapeutic agents by down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), Bcl-2 family, and NF-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic genes (X-linked inhibitors of apoptosis, survivin, and cyclooxygenase-2). As shown previously by our laboratory, NF-kappaB gets activated on exposure of pancreatic cancer cells to conventional chemotherapeutic agents; interestingly, thymoquinone was able to down-regulate NF-kappaB in vitro, resulting in chemosensitization. In addition to in vitro results, here we show for the first time, that thymoquinone in combination with gemcitabine and/or oxaliplatin is much more effective as an antitumor agent compared with either agent alone. Most importantly, our data also showed that a specific target, such as NF-kappaB, was inactivated in animal tumors pretreated with thymoquinone followed by gemcitabine and/or oxaliplatin. These results provide strong in vivo molecular evidence in support of our hypothesis that thymoquinone could abrogate gemcitabine- or oxaliplatin-induced activation of NF-kappaB, resulting in the chemosensitization of pancreatic tumors to conventional therapeutics.

PMID: 19549912 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010 Jun 26. [Epub ahead of print]
Combinatorial effects of thymoquinone on the anti-cancer activity of doxorubicin.

Effenberger-Neidnicht K, Schobert R.
Organisch-chemisches Laboratorium der Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, NW 1, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.


LINK

Abstract

PURPOSE: Doxorubicin is a mainstay of cancer chemotherapy despite its clinical limitations that arise from its cardiotoxicity and the high incidence of multi-drug resistance. Recent studies revealed a protective effect of thymoquinone, a non-toxic constituent of the essential oil of Nigella sativa, against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. We now investigated the influence of thymoquinone on various other effects exerted by doxorubicin in human cancer cells.
METHODS: Doxorubicin, thymoquinone and equimolar mixtures of both were tested for cytotoxicity on human cells of HL-60 leukaemia, 518A2 melanoma, HT-29 colon, KB-V1 cervix, and MCF-7 breast carcinomas as well as multi-drug-resistant variants thereof and on non-malignant human fibroblasts (HF). Apoptosis induction was analysed via DNA fragmentation, activity studies of the caspases-3, -8 and -9, determination of changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and in the ratio of the mRNA expressions of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins bax and bcl-2. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by the NBT assay.
RESULTS: Thymoquinone improved the anti-cancer properties of doxorubicin in a cell line-specific manner. We found a significant rise of the growth inhibition by doxorubicin in HL-60 and multi-drug-resistant MCF-7/TOPO cells when thymoquinone had been added. The mode of action of both drugs and of their mixture was mainly apoptotic. In HL-60 cells, the drug mixture caused an additional concentration maximum of effector caspase-3 not observed for either of the pure drugs. The impact of the drug mixture on the mitochondria of HL-60 cells was also greater than those of the individual quinones alone. In addition, the drug mixture led to a higher concentration of reactive oxygen species in HL-60 cells.
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, thymoquinone is a booster for the anti-cancer effect of doxorubicin in certain cancer cell lines. Distinct improvements on efficacy, selectivity, and even breaches of multi-drug resistance were observed for equimolar mixtures of doxorubicin and thymoquinone.

PMID: 20582416 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]




J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 1;29:87.
Thymoquinone and cisplatin as a therapeutic combination in lung cancer: In vitro and in vivo.

Jafri SH, Glass J, Shi R, Zhang S, Prince M, Kleiner-Hancock H.
Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA 71130 USA. sjafri@lsuhsc.edu


FREE TEXT

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Thymoquinone (TQ) is a compound extracted from Black Caraway seeds of Nigella Sativa and is active against various cancers. Cisplatin (CDDP) is the most active chemotherapeutic agent in Lung Cancer. Here we report activity of TQ against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines alone and in combination with Cisplatin (CDDP).
METHODS: For proliferation MTT assay, cell viability trypan blue assay and for apoptosis Annexin-V FITC assay were used in NCI-H460 and NCI-H146 cell lines. Inhibition of invasion by TQ was assessed using Matrigel assay and its affect on release of various cytokines was determined using RayBio Human Cytokine detection kit. Mouse xenograft model using NCI-H460 was used to determine in vivo activity of TQ and CDDP. Inhibition of LPS induced NF-kappaB expression by TQ was determined using transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter.
RESULTS: TQ was able to inhibit cell proliferation, reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis. TQ at 100 microM and CDDP at 5 muM inhibited cell proliferation by nearly 90% and the combination showed synergism. TQ was able to induced apoptosis in both NCI-H460 and NCI-H146 cell lines. TQ also appears to affect the extracellular environment inhibiting invasion and reducing the production of two cytokines ENA-78 and Gro-alpha which are involved in neo-angiogenesis. Using a mouse xenograft model we were able to demonstrate that combination of TQ and CDDP was well tolerated and significantly reduced tumor volume and tumor weight without additional toxicity to the mice. In the combination arms (TQ5 mg/kg/Cis 2.5 mg/kg) tumor volume was reduced by 59% and (TQ20 mg/kg/Cis 2.5 mg/kg) by 79% as compared to control which is consistent with in vitro data. TQ down regulated NF-kappaB expression which may explain its various cellular activities and this activity may prove useful in overcoming CDDP resistance from over expression of NF-kappaB.
CONCLUSIONS: Thus TQ and CDDP appear to be an active therapeutic combination in lung cancer.

PMID: 20594324 [PubMed - in process]PMCID: PMC2909169Free PMC Article





Mol Cancer Ther. 2008 Jul;7(7):1789-96.
Thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth through suppressing AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways.

FREE TEXT

Yi T, Cho SG, Yi Z, Pang X, Rodriguez M, Wang Y, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB, Liu M.
Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Thymoquinone, a component derived from the medial plant Nigella sativa, has been used for medical purposes for more than 2,000 years. Recent studies reported that thymoquinone exhibited inhibitory effects on cell proliferation of many cancer cell lines and hormone-refractory prostate cancer by suppressing androgen receptor and E2F-1. Whether thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis, the critical step of tumor growth and metastasis, is still unknown. In this study, we found that thymoquinone effectively inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration, invasion, and tube formation. Thymoquinone inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed the activation of AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Thymoquinone blocked angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, prevented tumor angiogenesis in a xenograft human prostate cancer (PC3) model in mouse, and inhibited human prostate tumor growth at low dosage with almost no chemotoxic side effects. Furthermore, we observed that endothelial cells were more sensitive to thymoquinone-induced cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and migration inhibition compared with PC3 cancer cells. Thymoquinone inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation but showed no inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activation. Overall, our results indicate that thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth and could be used as a potential drug candidate for cancer therapy.

PMID: 18644991 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



Cancer Ther. 2008;6(b):495-510.
From here to eternity - the secret of Pharaohs: Therapeutic potential of black cumin seeds and beyond.

Padhye S, Banerjee S, Ahmad A, Mohammad R, Sarkar FH.
Department of Pathology and Division of Internal Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI- 48201, USA.
FREE TEXT


Abstract

Over many centuries humans have been mining the bounties of nature for discovering substances that have been used for the treatment of all human diseases; many such remedies are useful even today as modern day medicine. Emerging evidence also suggests that the search is still continuing for harnessing active compounds from nature in combating human illnesses although pharmaceutical industries are equally active for synthesizing small molecule compounds as novel therapeutics. The lesson learned over many centuries clearly suggests that further sophisticated search for finding compounds from natural resources together with robust characterization and chemical synthesis will lead to the discovery of novel drugs that may have high therapeutic efficacy against all human diseases including cancer. Black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) oil extracts have been used for many centuries for the treatment of many human illnesses, and more recently the active compound found in black seed oil, viz. thymoquinone (TQ) has been tested for its efficacy against several diseases including cancer. However, further research is needed in order to assess the full potential of TQ as a chemopreventive and/or therapeutic agent against cancers. Here, we have summarized what is known regarding the value of black seed oil and its active compound TQ, and how this knowledge will help us to advance further research in this field by creating awareness among scientists and health professionals in order to appreciate the medicinal value of TQ and beyond.

PMID: 19018291 [PubMed]PMCID: PMC2583426Free PMC Article



PLoS One. 2010 Aug 12;5(8):e12124.
Thymoquinone induces telomere shortening, DNA damage and apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells.

Gurung RL, Lim SN, Khaw AK, Soon JF, Shenoy K, Mohamed Ali S, Jayapal M, Sethu S, Baskar R, Hande MP.
Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.


FREE TEXT

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A major concern of cancer chemotherapy is the side effects caused by the non-specific targeting of both normal and cancerous cells by therapeutic drugs. Much emphasis has been placed on discovering new compounds that target tumour cells more efficiently and selectively with minimal toxic effects on normal cells.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The cytotoxic effect of thymoquinone, a component derived from the plant Nigella sativa, was tested on human glioblastoma and normal cells. Our findings demonstrated that glioblastoma cells were more sensitive to thymoquinone-induced antiproliferative effects. Thymoquinone induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the glioblastoma cells. It was also observed that thymoquinone facilitated telomere attrition by inhibiting the activity of telomerase. In addition to these, we investigated the role of DNA-PKcs on thymoquinone mediated changes in telomere length. Telomeres in glioblastoma cells with DNA-PKcs were more sensitive to thymoquinone mediated effects as compared to those cells deficient in DNA-PKcs.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results indicate that thymoquinone induces DNA damage, telomere attrition by inhibiting telomerase and cell death in glioblastoma cells. Telomere shortening was found to be dependent on the status of DNA-PKcs. Collectively, these data suggest that thymoquinone could be useful as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in the management for brain tumours.

PMID: 20711342 [PubMed - in process]PMCID: PMC2920825Free PMC Article




Biomed Sci Instrum. 2008;44:434-40.
Effects of thymoquinone and selenium on the proliferation of mg 63 cells in tissue culture.

Barron J, Benghuzzi H, Tucci M.
School of Health Related Professions, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
Abstract

Antioxidants are substances that function to protect cells from damage caused by unstable free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These agents are also quite successful in deterring certain disease processes specifically, cancer. Antioxidants help fight these excess free radicals or ROS by donating electrons to make a more stable chemical group. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major active component of black seed (Nigella sativa) and has been used in the Middle East for centuries to treat disease processes. Selenium (Se), unlike TQ, is found in almost all human tissue and is classified as a trace element. Se has the ability to modify cells by acting as antioxidants, modifying redox status and thyroid hormone metabolism. The purpose of this study was to further examine the use of TQ, an extra-cellular anti-oxidant, and Se, an endogenous antioxidant on the proliferation of osteoblasts cells (MG 63) in tissue culture. MG 63 cells were treated with conventional low, medium and high doses of TQ and Se to obtain an optimal dose for combined treatment. Results and biochemical markers were evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours for all groups. The combined dose of TQ and Se produced decreased cell counts, increased cellular damage, decreased alkaline phosphatase levels, and decreased glutathione levels as compared to control (P>0.05). These results indicate that the combined use of TQ and Se may be an effective treatment option against human osteosarcoma cells.

PMID: 19141954 [PubMed - in process]




Biomed Sci Instrum. 2007;43:272-7.
A comparison of 5-fluorouracil and natural chemotherapeutic agents, EGCG and thymoquinone, delivered by sustained drug delivery on colon cancer cells.

Norwood AA, Tucci M, Benghuzzi H.
University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
Abstract

While 5-fluorouracil continues to be the chemotherapeutic gold-standard for the treatment of colon cancer, the side effects of 5-FU are numerous due to its ability to attack both healthy and cancerous cells. However, research continues to provide positive findings in regards to antioxidants and their success in deterring certain disease processes, especially cancer. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin found in green tea, is a valuable scavenger of reactive oxygen species in vitro as well as in vivo. Thymoquinone (TQ), the major active component of Nigella sativa (black seed), is also known for its powerful scavenger abilities as an inhibitor of oxidative stress and has been utilized in the Middle East for centuries because of its capability to heal many different diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of sustained drug delivery of TQ, EGCG, and 5-FU on the metabolic activity as well as structural changes in the SW-626 human colon cancer cell line in culture. Results of this study indicate a sustained drug delivery of EGCG and TQ demonstrated significant (p < 0 .01) cellular destruction and interference of cellular metabolic functions of SW-626 human colon cancer cells, which was comparable to SW-626 cells exposed to sustained drug delivery of 5-FU. Furthermore, MDA, glutathione, and nitric oxide all revealed significant alterations (p<0.05) as early as 24 hours. Morphologically, cellular changes occurred after exposure to TQ and EGCG at 24 hours which were also comparable to cells exposed to 5-FU. The delivery of the natural agents may offer a safe alternative treatment in for colon cancer.

PMID: 17487093 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


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In vivo/gavage mouse study:

Antitumor activity of an ethanol extract of Nigella sativa seeds 2004

FREE TEXT


Quote:
N. sativa seeds are orally ingested by people as a condiment or additive in food dishes. Patients with gastrointestinal disorders ingest seeds mixed with honey. Recent studies indicate that NSE has cytotoxic effects against different types of cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo.
Quote:
Plants that contain essential oil, flavanoids and polyphenols are reported to have many biological properties; they possess powerful antioxidative components (BURITS & BUCAR, 2000; SHEYLESH
& PADIKKALA, 2000). The main compound of N. sativa oil is 85% fatty acid, which can inhibit the membrane lipid peroxidation (HOUGHTON et
al., 1995). Furthermore flavanoids have prevention role in cancer therapy via the effect on signal transduction in cell proliferation (DE AZEVEDO et al., 1996; FOTIS et al., 1997). It has also been reported
that antioxidant can inhibit proliferation of cancer cells (REBECCA et al., 1998).
Quote:
In this study we investigated the effect of Nigella sativa extract on the DNA synthesis, cell proliferation and the ability of scavenging superoxide radicals in mice bearing tumor cells. Most studies of N. sativa treatments against tumors have been conducted by intraperitoneal injection in vivo or direct addition to isolated cells in vitro.
Humans normally consume N. sativa orally. Therefore, a study has been conducted to investigate the antitumor effects of N. sativa extract when administered orally to mice bearing the Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT).
Quote:
Results
Tumor growth
Studies on the effect of ethanol extract of Nigella sativa on tumor growth were monitored. It was found that 1g/kg body weight of extract orally administration by gavage could inhibit the cell proliferation at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, respectively, compared with the corresponding cell numbers in the control group (Fig. 1). The viable tumor cell number was found significantly inhibited (p < 0.001) in treated groups. The percentage of trypan bluepositive dead tumor cells were also increased in the treated groups compared with the controls; especially more pronounced effects were observed at 6th and 8th days.
Quote:
Survival time
The effect of the two doses of NSE (1 and 2 g/kg/day) orally on survival time of EAT bearing mice is shown in Table 1. The median survival time of animals in the control group was 13.9 ± 0.6
days. This number increased to 34.3 ± 0.3 when animals were treated with 1 g NSE /kg/day orally. This increase in life span is 70.6%.
The median survival time of animals treated with 2 g/kg/day orally, increased to 32.8 ± 0.8 days, i.e. the 74.8% increase in life span.
Quote:
We suggest that the increase in glutathione activity in treated group was due to lowering the toxicity of free radicals in animal tissues and prolonged the life span of the animal.
Quote:
In conclusion, the results of the present study are encouraging, as ethanol extract of NSE has shown significant reduction in cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, mitotic percentage and prolongation of life span of the mice bearing the EAT.
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Old 09-15-2010, 11:44 PM   #2
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Re: Nigella Sativa (black cumin)

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Old 09-15-2010, 11:45 PM   #3
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Re: Nigella Sativa (black cumin)

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Old 09-16-2010, 05:53 PM   #4
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Re: Nigella Sativa (black cumin)

Interesting post, Rich. Is your mother taking black cumin oil?
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Dx'd w/multifocal DCIS/IDS 3/08
7mm invasive component
Partial mast. 5/08
Stage 1b, ER 80%, PR 90%, HER-2 6.9 on FISH
0/5 nodes
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Herceptin every 3 weeks. Finished 7/09
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Bilat SPM w/reconstruction 10/08
Clinical Trial w/Clondronate 12/08
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Switched back to Tamoxifen due to tendon pain from Femara

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